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Students, question authority! PDF Print
Wednesday, 09 January 2008 10:06

Below is Part 2 of the speech on "student idealism" delivered at the annual gathering of the Malaysian and Indonesian Muslim Students in Washington DC, USA, December 2007. 

A REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE

Dr Azly Rahman
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http://azlyrahman-illuminations.blogspot.com/

Most respected Malaysian and Indonesian students of the Islamic faith, let us continue. I begin with two quotes:

"Everything is good in the hands of the author of Things, everything degenerates in the hands of Man," said Jean Jacques Rousseau, the spiritual force of the French Revolution.

"Know thyself know thy enemies, one hundred battles one hundred victories," said the legendary Chinese military leader Sun Tzi.

If there is a thesis statement or a guiding idea or an inquiry theme in my speech today, it is this: question authority, break new frontiers of thinking, but listen to the voice of the inner self in order to serve humanity.

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We live in interesting times, as chairman Mao Zedong once said; interesting because the forces of globalisation is at perpetual war with humanity's inner sense of beingness.

We are a republic onto itself. We are a kingdom we govern ourselves. In each and every one of us lies an inner world bigger than the world outside - a world if known, if and only if we know ourselves – is a world in which freedom reigns and one in which the self refuses to be caged and shackled by structures of oppression built by others.

The essence of being human is that of having the insatiable urge to question and to search for answers, and next, not satisfied with the answers, to continue to question. Some revolutionary thinkers call this dialectics; the permanent revolution in our world of cognition. Becoming a human being is a process – we are as a French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre would say, beings in the process of becoming and by doing so we define the world and able to "name" it. We have always lived a life in which our world is already pre-determined, our belief system prepackaged, and our knowledge of the political world prepared for us as propaganda produced and disseminated by those who owns the means of producing propaganda. We have live in what a British writer Eric Blair/George Orwell called a world of "doublespeak" wherein what it said has its form and appearance.

Ethos of questioning

As students living and breathing the world of knowledge, in a culture – the American progressive culture – of learning, we must embody the ethos of questioning. We must question everything and not allow answers to live inside of us for long. It is only through this process that we will feel and experience within ourselves – our Inner world – the process of constant or permanent revolution in how we acquire our understanding of the world.

To evolve into wiser individuals with enquiring minds, we must ask questions and reflect upon the answers suggested to us. If we are afraid to ask questions, our mind and consciousness will be owned and manipulated by those who think they have the right answers, or by those who wants to use force to tell us what the right answers shall be.

Question authority – that was what a Harvard University historian of science Thomas Kuhn spoke about in his book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" which chronicled the advancement of scientific knowledge made possible by questions raised in each field of science – questions that made paradigms collapse, giving birth to newer ones.

Every moment of our waking life must be a philosophical one. Every moment must generate enough questions to make us go to bed still questioning the phenomena we see around us and the experiences we are confronted with in that waking moment. Questions make us more human just as the food we eat gives us the strength to continue living as human beings and the self-affirmation mantras/doas/zikirs/prayers we say silently to ourselves give us the inner strength to feed our spirit so that we may know ourselves better and ultimately know the Creator.

The mind, the body, and the spirit become the tripartite of this beingness and becomingness of our existence. It creates, recreates, constructs and reconstructs this kingdom of the Self we inhabit. Not even the Sultans some choose to bow down to in this world of illusion, can ever see how powerful the inner kingdom we have built within us – only if we are aware of the power within. No even the Neon Gods on Times Square New York reigning on New Year's Eve, come close to understanding how beautiful and glorious the Inner World we inhabit - again, only if we know who we are.

We are evolving selves in a journey to understand, realize, and finally inhabit and embody the Ultimate Truth. The truth is universal. We are little truths that live in the moments of the particular. I shall not elaborate further this philosophical notion of Universalism versus the Particularism, Form versus Appearance, the evolving self versus the larger Self as to confuse you. You will need to experience this journey yourself – by first questioning authority and freeing yourselves from the mental and spiritual cages you let others with money and the skills to create architecture of power built.

Basic questions

Who are you as a self that questions your very existence? Let me offer some a clue of what being an "individual" means; of what being a ruler of one's own kingdom entails. But first, let us ponder upon these basic questions:

How are human beings controlled by those who own the means of intellectual and economic production?

How does power, in its raw and refined form, operate in our society?

How is it dispersed?

How is power sustained?

How is truth produced?

How is truth multiplied?

How is the self constructed?

How are we alienated?

What is inscribed onto the body and into the mind, in the process of schooling?

How is human imagination confined and how might it be released?

How is the mind enslaved by the politics of knowledge?

How is historical knowledge packaged?

How do we define our existence in this Age of Information?

Who decides what is important in history?

What is an ideal multi-cultural society?

How has our idea of multi-culturalism influence the way we live our lives?

What historical knowledge is of importance?

What tools do we need to create our own history?

How is the individual more powerful than the state?

How is a philosopher-king created?

How is justice possible?

Who should rule and why?

How are we to teach about justice?

And finally, how might we realise a democratic-republic of virtue - one that is based on a form of democracy that is meaningful and personal?

Thank you for not falling asleep during this lecture. I suppose you have the right to do so if this is a dead boring lecture. I will have to tell the conference organizers to provide you with pillows then – yellow pillows with pictures of the Malaysian flag and the Petronas Twin Towers on it.

PART 3 will follow

Comments (34)Add Comment
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written by Dogboy, January 09, 2008 10:56:33
No no no...questioning in Malaysia absolutely not! You will be deemed a traitor!
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written by Century Patriot, January 09, 2008 16:51:24
In Malaysia, question once, get a hard look. Question twice, get water canon. Third time, get ISA!!
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written by kksam, January 09, 2008 17:26:58
questioning? Dr Azly, in Malaysia, there's the stupid ACT against university student. Student are bar from politics unless you supports BN. Take a look at UPM, student who stand against pro government party were threaten and beaten. Just recently a student had his laptop confisticated and suspended for a semester. That's the price to pay for standing up. Of course i'm saying that we shouldn't question authority, but there's a risk in doing so under this rotten BN government.
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written by Dr Azly Rahman, January 10, 2008 03:17:40
Folks,

Help me out here...

How do we improve thinking skills in our schools and in our universities then if we discourage even university students to ask radical questions and to think 'outside of the box'? Who benefits from all these? Is the level of thinking deteriorating? Who's at fault if this is so?

Is there a difference between the public and private schools/higher education institution in terms of how teaching is approached? How much of what is happening in our Malaysian classrooms help promote radical questioning?

I'd like us to discuss the "culture of learning" in our classrooms and how teachers/lecturers/professors encourage questions that improve cognition.

Would allowing radical speakers (from politics, arts, humanities, etc.) into our campuses help students develop alternative points of view? In America today, campuses are racing to grab candidates to speak to students.

Today at 3:00 , Barack Obama is speaking in Jersey City New Jersey in St. Peter's College and many high school and college students are even volunteering in his campaign, -- what a beauty!

Can we do this in Malaysian campuses? I think we should do this. Vice Chancellors must allow students bodies to invite radical speakers during the campaign season in order to enrich our students with alternative viewpoints. This will help them decide their future of even make much needed changes. I think VCs will be more respected too for promoting such freedom -- true to their commitment to World Class thinking. It'll be the beginning of a good way to develop a culture of intellectual/academic freedom. It is time we mature politically.

What do all of you think?
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written by Dr Azly Rahman, January 16, 2008 05:31:59
Dear LChuah (and all),

Again, you have helped us elaborate a fundamental aspect of education -- "conscientization" -- as Paulo Freire put in his seminal work, Pedagogy of the Oppressed. I once was questioned by a dean of a Malaysian university for having this book on my reading list for a new course I was offering. That dean became a vice chancellor many years later. I doubt if he ever understood what Freirian pedagogy promises, or even read the book thoroughly. I am glad that I am able to use this text in the States, making it a compulsory text for a philosophy of education course for teachers in the Bronx, New York.

But as Freire would say, education is about hope and love, about naming the world and transforming it. Education, slow as it may seem, is the only way for social progress, peace, and social justice. It is the surest way to educate us about the dangers of racism and racially and racist-based politics.Education for critical consciousness is the way to get Malaysian of all races to see that it is not race but class that may be at fault in the deteriorating condition we are in.

What we need now in Malaysia is a total permeation of critical consciousness in the minds of educators, especially those in our graduate schools of education. This is to counter any form of hegemonic thinking that has permeated the psyche of Malaysians.

Hegemony is even more dangerous than direct banning of books. Hegemony, as Antonio Gramsci would say, assumes the the "intellectual and moral" leadership provided by the ruling class/regime is to be accepted in toto, so that society will continue to progress as how industrialism as ideology would dictate.

We are seeing the ideology of the "Malaysian corridor" permeating a hegemonic formation, making the masses feel like citizens of a developed world. It is perhaps making the Johoreans, Perlis-ians, Sabahans, etc. feel that their "little corridor projects" will make them important "post-modern citizens" whose thinking will be at par with the advanced industrialized nation. Little is done to help them analyze the political-economic dimension of th process of big-time, big-business exploitation that is going to happen under the name/slogan/shibboleth of "developmentalism". These corridors are merely real estate projects with questionable value to the indigenous cultures of the people, especially those who have been historically marginalized.

We need to have more courses that takes the Freirian approach, in our universities. We need to hire and groom radical thinkers as our lecturers so that they will help develop the critical faculties of the students who are perhaps now walking mundanely on campus and later in society, devoid of critical sensibility.

A great university prides itself in not only the diversity of its faculty but also the multiple perspective of thinking that the faculty members bring into the classroom.

Let us hear from others as well.
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written by Compadre45, January 18, 2008 03:11:44
This is one of BN's agenda to make general public and upcoming local Uni students, stupid and dumb, eventhough all of us can see and hear. BN's strong advise for education : 'It is better to be silent and be thought a fool, than to speak and remove all doubts (from us).... Thats what they are afraid of, we being smarter than them.

There is a saying:

There is no greater crime, than to stand between a man and his development; to take any law or institution, and put it around him like a collar, and fasten it there, so that as he grows and enlarges, he presses against it, till he suffocates and dies.

Another thing for BN's current and future plan. They will send their children overseas for higher tertiary education while making the local ones stupid with limited knowledge. Finally, they pass the baton to their children after returning back from overseas to join politics. Its a ritual cycle forming a customary practise since 1960's among our BN politicians.

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written by Alan Tan, January 19, 2008 13:31:07
Well, there's a chinese saying 'rather die standing than to live kneeling'. smilies/cheesy.gif
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written by The dragonheart, January 19, 2008 16:27:03
How to speak when you can't even stand and stare?
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